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高考动词和动词短语总结_高考动词和动词短语
tamoadmin 2024-05-15 人已围观
简介1.高考英语语法主要考哪些英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语,可把动词分成及物动词和不及物动词。不及物动词:字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象(即宾语)。若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得联系动词短语了.常用的不及物动词appear ,Appear calm come ,Come easy
1.高考英语语法主要考哪些
英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语,可把动词分成及物动词和不及物动词。
不及物动词:字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象(即宾语)。若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得联系动词短语了.
常用的不及物动词
appear ,Appear calm
come ,Come easy (safe)
go ,Go mad (crazy, bad, sour, wrong, crazy, hungry, blind)
get ,Get angry (ill, wet, excited, married, paid)
fall ,Fall asleep( fall ill, fall short, fall flat)
feel ,Feel good (sleepy)
keep ,Keep quiet (silent)
look ,Look fit (well, young, tired)
make, Make certain (sure, ready, a good teacher)
prove ,Prove an effective method (correct, accurate)
remain ,Remain still (unchanged)
rest,Rest satisfied (content)
rise, Rise red
seem ,Seem happy
stand ,Stand still
stay ,Stay young (stay fresh, the same)
turn, Turn teacher =become a teacher (yellow)
turn out ,Turn out true
用法举例
Look carefully! (注意:carefully 是副词,不是名词,故不作宾语)
look at 看…….+宾语 Look at me carefully! (me是代词,作宾语)
(at是小范围 in是大范围)
如: The students work very hard.学生们很努力地学习。
She apologized to me again. 她再次向我道歉。
The accident happened yesterday evening.昨天晚上发生了事故。
与及物动词的区别
及物动词与不及物动词的区别从是否需要宾语来分,实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。
1)及物动词 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如: I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?”
2)不及物动词 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如: Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况:
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(begin作及物动词)
When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)
They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:
Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?
4) 与汉语的比较 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:
a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,1isten听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:
We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较:We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)
b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。 Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务
及物动词后可以加宾语,不及物动词后不可以加宾语
动词的及物不及物是在英语学习中必须解决的首要问题。动词及物与不及物通常有以下几种情况:
a.主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可以用于:"主+谓+宾";"主+谓+双宾";"主+谓+宾+宾补"结构。如:
He reached Paris the day before yesterday.
Please hand me the book over there.
They asked me to go fishing with them.
类似的还有:buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell.... b.主要用作不及物的动词。不及物动词后面不跟宾语。只能用于:"主+谓"结构。
This is the room where I once lived.
类似的还有:agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed....
c.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词,其意义不变。如begin 都是作"开始"讲。everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game.
类似的还有:start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....
d.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词,其意义完全不同。
这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义;而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。如lift作不及物动词时是指烟雾的"消散"。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物动词时是"升高;举起"。 He lifted his glass and drank.
类似的还有:beat vi.跳动 vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生长 vt. 种植 play vi.玩耍 vt. 打(牌、球),演奏 smell vi.发出(气味) vt. 嗅 ring vi.(电话、铃)响vt.打电话 speak vi.讲话 vt. 说(语言) hang vi. 悬挂 vt. 绞死 operate vi.动手术 vt. 操作
需要注意的一点是:少数不及物动词唯一可跟的宾语是同源宾语,如:I dreamed a dream last night.
高考英语语法主要考哪些
下面为同学们归纳了18个高考英语经常考查的用于构成短语动词的常用动词,同时还为同学们整理出了由这些常用动词所构成的热点短语动词考点。记住它们,并在做题时结合语境灵活地理解它们,在做短语动词考题时就不会再丢分了。
1. break
break away (from) 突然逃离;断绝往来,脱离;改掉,破除
break down (机器等)坏了;(计划等)失败;(谈话等)中断;(健康等)变坏;感情失去控制
break in 突然进来,强行进入;插嘴,打岔;训练,使适应
break into 强行进入;突然…起来;打断,插嘴;占用时间
break off 停止讲话;暂停,休息;(使)折断
break out (火灾、战争等)突然发生,爆发
break through 突破;克服,征服;强行穿过;(太阳等)从云层里出来
break up 解散,驱散;(学校等)放假;结束,破裂;击碎;绝交
break with 与…绝交,与…决裂
2. bring
bring about 引起,实现,导致
bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法;使苏醒;顺便把某人带来串门
bring back 送还;使想起,使恢复
bring down 击落;打死,打伤;使倒下;降低
bring forth 产生,引起,结果
bring in 收获;获利;介绍,引进;聘请;逮捕
bring off 从船上救出;设法做成
bring on 带来,引起;促使生长;帮助提高
bring out 取出,拿出;显示出,使出来;出版
bring over 说服,使改变(思想等)
bring through 使度过(困难,危机等)
bring together 使和解
bring up 提出,提起;抚养,培养;呕吐
3. call
call at (车船等)停靠;到(某地)拜访
call away 叫走,叫开;转移(注意力等)
call back 唤回,叫回;回电话,再打电话
call for 喊(某人)来,喊人取来(某物);来或去取(某物),来或去接(某人);需要,要求
call in 叫进,请进;找来,请来;来访
call off 叫走,转移开;取消,不举行
call on [upon] 拜访,看望
call out 大声叫(喊);叫出去;召唤,请来,调去
call up (给…)打电话;想起,回忆起
4. come
come about (某情况)发生
come across 被理解(不及物);给予印象(不及物);(偶然)发现或遇见
come along 一道去;赶快
come for 来取,来拿,来找
come on 跟着来,快点,来吧
come out 出来,出现,开花
come over 来访,来玩
come to 来到,来参加;合计;有意义,有价值;苏醒;谈到,说到
5. cut
cut down 砍倒;削减,压缩,缩减
cut in 插入,插话;插队,超车
cut off 切断,隔断,断绝
cut out 剪成,戒掉
cut up 切碎;抨击;歼灭
6. die
die away (声音、风、光线等)渐息,渐弱
die down (慢慢)熄灭,平静下来
die off 一个一个地死去
die out (家族、习俗、观念等)灭绝,绝迹
7. fix
fix on 选定,确定,决定
fix sb up with 为某人安排或提供
fix up 决定,安排;清理,修理,整理
8. get
get about [around] 到处走动,旅行;传播,流传
get along 离开;相处;进展
get away 离开,逃离;逃避责罚,免受处罚
get back 返回;取回
get down 下来,取下,放下,写下,打下,吞下
get down to 开始做,认真处理
get in 进站,到达;请来;插话;收获
get off 起飞,动身,出发;下班,下车;从轻处罚,被放过
get on 上车;进行,进展;相处
get out 出来,出去,离开;拿出,取出;出版,发表;泄漏,传出
get out of 逃避,躲掉;使说出;放弃,戒除
get over 走过,越过,渡过;克服,战胜;恢复,痊愈
get through 做完,用完,吃完;通过(考试),接通(电话),度过(时间)
get together 聚会,联欢
get up 起床,起身;打扮;举办
9. give
give away 分发,赠送;背弃;暴露
give in 上交;让步,投降
give off 发出(光、热、声音、气味等)
give out 分发,散发;用完;垮掉;失灵,出故障;发表;发出(热、声音等
give up 放弃,戒掉;交出,让出;投降,认输
10. go
go away 离开;消失;变淡
go back 返回;追溯;重操旧业;改变主意
go by (时)消逝;依…办;根据…判断
go on (时)消逝;继续;上场;发生;(灯)亮
go over 检查;复习;转至;使…干净;反应(如何)
go out (灯)熄;不流行
11. look
look after 照顾(某人);看管(某事物)
look around 环顾四周
look at 看;看待;看得上;检查;考虑
look for 寻找;寻求;期待
look into 调查;窥视
look on 旁观
look out 小心;留意;找出
look up 仰视;好转;查寻;探望
12. make
make for 走向;有助于;促进
make out 理解;看清,(勉强)辨认出;填写;假装
make up 构成,组成;编写,编辑;编造;和解;弥补;化妆;凑足;准备好
13. pick
pick out 选择;找出
pick up 捡起;收拾,整理;学会,获得;(用车)来接,去取;改善;继续;感染(疾病等)
14. put
put away 收拾;放弃,打消;存蓄
put down 放下,写下,使下车;镇压,击败
put off 推迟;推脱;使不高兴
put on 穿,戴;上演,装(样子);开(灯等);增加
put out 扑灭,使熄灭;生产;公布,发表;打扰,使不高兴
put up 举起,架起,撑起;盖起,修建;张贴,挂;住宿,留宿
15. see
see about 负责处理(安排)
see off 为…送行。如:
see out 送某人出门;度过(熬过);进行到底
see through 看穿,识破;帮助度过(困难等);进行到底
16. set
set about 开始,着手
set against 使敌视,使对立
set apart 使与众不同;留出,拨出(时间、金钱等)
set aside 留出,拨出(时间、金钱等);把…置于一旁,不理会
set back 推迟,耽搁;使花费
set down 写下,记下
set in 开始,来临
set off 出发,启程;导致,引起;使运转,使爆炸
set on [upon] 袭击,攻击
set out 动身,起程;开始,着手;摆放,摆设;陈述,解释
set up 创办,成立,建立;竖立,架起;组织,计划,安排;创下(纪录);开业,开始经商;安装
17. take
take away 拿走,带走;消除(病痛等);减去
take down 取下;记下;拆掉;吞下;病倒
take out 拔掉;切除;带(某人)出去;获得
take off 脱掉(衣);(飞机)起飞;(突然)离去;受欢迎
take up 占去;占据;以…作为爱好或消遣;从事;改短(衣物);吸收
18. turn
turn into 拐入;进入;(使)变成;(使)成为
turn off 关掉;使厌烦;转入另一条路;不注意
turn on 打开(收音机,电视机等);展示;取决;进攻;以…为议题
turn over 翻转;反复考虑;营业额达到;移交
turn to 翻到;求助于;转向;积极行动
turn up 将音量调大;找到;发现;出现
turn down 调小音量;拒绝
turn out 结果是;证明是;露面
一、非谓语动词
“非谓语动词”可分为动词不定式、动名词和分词。它在句子中的作用很多:除了不作谓语外,它可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语与复合宾语(主语补语或宾语补语)。有些及物动词后面接不带to的不定式作复合宾语。这些动词归纳如下:一感(feel).二听(hear,listen to),三让(have,1et, make),四看(see,watCh,notice,observe)。再加上help somebody(to)do something和美国英语look at somebody do somthing。还有“二让”属特殊:get somebody to do something 与keep somebody doing。而有些及物动词后面接动名词(the -ing form)作宾语。这些动词归纳为一句话:Papa C makes friends。这是由如下动词的开头字母组成:permit,advise, practise,avoid,consider,mind, allow,keep,enjoy,suggest, finish,risk,imagine,escape,need,delay,stand(忍受)。 为了容易记住,也可以编成顺口溜:“允许完成练习,建议避免冒险,考虑延期逃跑,喜欢保持想象,需要反对忍受”。其相对应的动词依次是:permit/allow,finish,practise;
advise/suggest, avoid,risk: consider, delay, escape/miss; enjoy/appreciate, keep, imagine; need/want/require,mind. can't help/can’t stand。
二、复合句
1、学生最容易混淆的是定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
例如:A、The news that our team has won the match is true. (同位语从句)
B、The news that he told us surprised everybody here. (定语从句)
关键的区别在于连接或关系代词that:有意义的是定语, 无意义的是同位。因为引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语或 宾语,而引导同位语从句的that只起到连接词的作用。
2、接着容易混淆的是引导定语从句的关系代词that与 which:that之前是不定(代词)、序数(词)、(形容词)最高级:which之前是介词短语与逗号(非限制性)。
例如:A、All that we have to do is to practise every day.
B、The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
C、I have lost my pen,which I like very much.
D、The house in front of which there is a garden is my home.
三、It的用法
1、It除了代替人和物以外,还可以作形式主语。而真正的主语(不定式、动名词或从句)则放于谓语或表语之后。
例如:It is nor easy to finish the work in two days.
然而有少数表语之后接动名词作真正的主语。这些表语是:无助(no help)、无用(no use)、没好处(no good);工作(hard work)、费时(a waste of time)、又危险(a danger)。
例如:A、It is no use crying over spilt milk.
B、It is a waste of time waiting for him.
2、It还可以作形式宾语。通常下列动词后面可接it作形式宾语:2f2tcjm(find,feel,think,take,consider,judge, make)。
例如:A、He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.
B、I think it no use arguing with him.
3、It用于强调句式。要强调句子的某一部分(主语、宾语、 状语),可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是:It is(was)+ 被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分。
例如:A、It iS Professor Lin who teaches us English—(强调主语)
B、It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.—(强调状语)
C、It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory.(同上)
但要注意与定语从句的区别。
例如:D、It was 1990 when I worked in the factory.(定语从句)
在强调句式里,我们把强调结构It is(was)…that除去,句子还很完整。如例句C。而例句D就不能。
四、倒装结构
学生容易混淆的是全部倒装与部分倒装。如何区分之,编个顺口溜:副(adv.)介(prep.)提前全倒装,其它句式部分倒;否定提前倒助动,让步状语倒表语;复合句式倒主句,不
倒装的属特殊。下面举例说明:
A、Here comes the bus.(副词提前,全倒装)
B、Here he comes.(代词作主语,不倒装)
C、In front of the house lies a garden.(介词短语提前,全倒装)
D、Never shall I do this again.(否定词提前,部分倒装)
E、Young as he is ,he knows a lot.(让步状语从句,表语倒装)
F、Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.(only 修饰状语,主句倒装)
G、Only he can save the patient.(only修饰主语.不倒装)
H、Not only will help be given to people,but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定词提前,部分倒装)
I、Not only he but also we like sports.(连接两个主语,不倒装)
五、虚拟语气
虚拟语气也是一个难点。所谓虚拟语气是表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事实。它通过句子的谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。现归纳如下:纯假设,用虚拟,动词时态退一级:条件句,分主从,主句谓语前加would (should,could,might);表愿望,用虚拟,wish后面接宾语(从句):现在过去与将来,动词时态退一级:提建议,用虚拟,宾语(从句)动词用(should)do:俩建议,三要求,再加坚持与命令(suggest,advise,demand,require,request,insist,order):It is time和eoukd rather,后接丛句用虚拟:部分主语从句中, 谓语用虚拟结构 (It is necessry /important/natural/natural/strange/strange that……should do)。 下面举例说明:
A、If you came tomorrow,we would have the metting. (条件句虚拟)
B、Without air,there would be no living things.(同上)
C、We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.(表示愿望虚拟)
D、He demanded that we (should)start right away.(表示建议虚拟)
E、It is(high)time that we left (should leave)now.(特殊从句虚拟)
F、I would rather you gave me the book.(同上)
G、It is necessary that we should clean the room everyday,(主语从句虚拟)
H、He speaks English so fluently as if he were English. (特殊从句虚拟)
总之,语法是从语言实践中总结出来的规则,要边学边寻找规律,以提高学习效率。在学习中不能只记一些语法规则,要进行实践练习。通过练习,可以发现和纠正错误,而且有利于况固所学知识。