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英语高考名词考点,高考英语名词考点归纳总结

tamoadmin 2024-07-18 人已围观

简介1.高考英语考点2.求对英语名词性从句的详细总结,高考用3.高中英语语法知识点整理4.高中英语:易错知识点解析5.高考英语中关于抽象名词和名词的用法具体分析,悬赏30分6.高考英语 不可数名词有哪些高考英语语法:独立主格结构的七种形式 1. 名词(代词)+现在分词The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后,我们就回家了。 We shall p

1.高考英语考点

2.求对英语名词性从句的详细总结,高考用

3.高中英语语法知识点整理

4.高中英语:易错知识点解析

5.高考英语中关于抽象名词和名词的用法具体分析,悬赏30分

6.高考英语 不可数名词有哪些

英语高考名词考点,高考英语名词考点归纳总结

高考英语语法:独立主格结构的七种形式

 1. 名词(代词)+现在分词

The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后,我们就回家了。

We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天设天气好,我们就进行比赛。

The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了,我们还是延期开会吧。

2. 名词(代词)+过去分词

The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。

The last bus hing gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了,我们必须走路回家。

More time given, we should he done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间,我们会把工作做得更好。

3. 名词(代词)+不定式

Nobody to come tomorrow, we will he to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来,我们将把会议推迟到下周。

So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他,他一定会成功的。

4. 名词(代词)+介词短语

The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。

A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了,手里拿着书。

He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着,眼睛望着她的背影。

5. 名词(代词)+形容词或副词

He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排,嘴半开着。

She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前,衣领已解掉,头低了下来,拿好钢笔,准备开始写一封长信。

6. There being +名词(代词)

There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。

There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。

7. It being +名词(代词)

It being Christmas, the offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,机关都休息。

It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是日,所有商店都关门了。

注:独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如:

Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。

He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。

He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。

She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。

He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。

I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病,我无法去度。

He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。

All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。

I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服,我无法出去了

高考英语考点

#高考# 导语英语是高考备考的重点,也是难点,很多词,英语易错词汇短语同学们分不太清楚,为帮助同学们解决这一重点难点, 考 网整理了《高考英语易错词汇短语辨析》,供参考。whatever,whoever,whichever引导名词性从句

 一、基本用法概说

 英语中的-ever 词主要包括 whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however 等,其中可引导名词性从句的主要有whatever, whoever,whichever.这里所说的名词性从句主要指主语从句和宾语从句,它们通常不用于引导同位语从句,同时也很少用于引导表语从句。如:

 Whatever he said was right. 无论他说什么都是对的。(引导主语从句)

 I don‘t believe whatever he said. 无论他说什么我都不信。(引导宾语从句)

 在某些特定的语境中,也可用于引导表语从句。如:

 What he wants to get is whatever you he. 他想得到的是你所拥有的一切。

 二、whatever引导的名词性从句

 whatever的意思是“所……的一切事或东西”,可视为what的强调说法,其含义大致相当于anything that,whatever在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语。如:

 Do whatever she tells you and you‘ll he peace. 她叫你干什么你就干什么,那你就太平了。

 I don‘t believe in letting children do whatever they like. 我不赞成让孩子为所欲为。

 Goats eat whatever food they can find. 山羊找到什么食物就吃什么食物。

 三、whoever引导的名词性从句

 whoever的意思“任何……的人”,在意义上大致相当于 anybody who.whoever在从句中可用作主语或宾语。如:

 I‘ll take whoever wants to go. 谁想去我就带谁去。

 Whoever says that is a liar. 说那话的人是个骗子。

 She can marry whoever she chooses. 她愿意嫁谁就嫁谁。

 I‘ll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 谁想要这票,我就把它给谁。

 Tell whoever you like — it makes no difference to me. 你爱告诉谁就告诉谁吧,对我是无所谓的。

 注:whoever既用作主语也可用作宾语(作宾语时不宜用whomever,因为在现代英语中whomever已几乎不用)。另外,注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子:谁赢了都可以获奖。

 误:Who wins can get a prize.误:Anyone wins can get a prize.正:Whoever wins can get a prize.正:Anyone who wins can get a prize.

 四、whichever引导的名词性从句

 whichever的意思“……的那个人或事物”,在意义上大致相当于 the person or the thing that.whichever在从句中可用作主语、宾语或定语。如:You can pick whichever one you like. 你喜欢哪个就挑哪个。

 Whichever of you comes first will receive a prize. 你们谁第一谁就能得奖。

 We‘ll eat at whichever restaurant has a free table. 哪个饭馆有空桌我们就在哪儿吃吧。

 Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking. 我们当中无论哪个先到家,哪个就先开始做饭。

 五、引导状语从句的用法

 whatever, whoever, whichever除用于引导的名词性从句外,还可用于引导状语从句,分别相当于 no matter what, no matter who, no matter which.如:I‘ll stand by you whatever [=no matter what] hens. 无论如何我都支持你。

 Whoever [=No matter who] wants to speak to me on the phone, tell them I‘m busy. 不管谁要我接电话,就说我现在正忙。

 Whichever [=No matter which] you buy, there is a six-month guarantee. 不管买哪个都有六个月的保修期。

求对英语名词性从句的详细总结,高考用

识在于积累、学习在于思考

1

2015

年高考英语语法单选超级归纳

一、冠词

冠词分为不定冠词(

a, an

,定冠词(

the

,和零冠词。

I.

不定冠词的用法

1

指一类人或事,相当于

a kind of

A plane is a machine that can fly.

2

第一次提及某人某物,非特指

A boy is waiting for you.

有个男孩在等你。

3

表示“每一”相当于

every

one

We study eight hours a day.

4

表示“相同”相当于

the same

We are nearly of an age.

5

用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或

Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?

Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here.

A.

不填

B. a

C. the

D. one

That boy is rather a Lei Feng.

(活雷锋)

6

用于固定词组中

a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, he a walk, many a time

7

用于

quite, rather, many, half, what, such

之后

This room is rather a big one.

8

用于

so(as, too, how)+

形容词之后

She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.

9

用于抽象名词具体化的名词前

success(

抽象名词

)

a success(

具体化

)

成功的人或事

a failure

失败的人或事

a shame

带来耻辱的人或事

a pity

可惜或遗憾的事

a must

必需必备的事

a good knowledge of

精通掌握某一方面的知识

II.

定冠词的用法

1

表示某一类人或物

In

many

places

in

China,

___

bicycle

is

still

___

popular

means

of

transportation.

A. a; the

B. /; a

C. the; a

D. the; the

2

用于世上独一无二的事物名词前

the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean

3

表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事

Would you mind opening the door?

4

用于演奏乐器

play the violin, play the guitar

5

用于形容词和分词前表示一类人

the reach, the living, the wounded

6

表示“一家人”或“夫妇”

(对比上文的不定冠词用法

5

Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please?

Sorry, we don’t he ____ Johnson here in the village.

A. the; the

B. the; a

C. /; the

D. the; /

7

用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前

He is the taller of the two children.

8

用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前

the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French

9

用于表示发明物的单数名词前

The compass was invented in China.

10

在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代

in the 1990’s

(

二十世纪九十年代

)

11

用于表示度量单位的名词前

I hired the car by the hour.

12

用于方位名词,身体部位名词

He patted me on the shoulder.

III.

不用冠词(又名零冠词)的用法

1

专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前

Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air

2

名词前有

this, my, whose, some, no, each, every

等限制

I want this book, not that one. /

Whose purse is this?

3

季节,月份,星期,节日,一日三餐前

March, Sunday, National Day, spring

4

表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前

Lincoln was made President of America.

5

表示球类,棋类等运动的名词前

He likes playing football/chess.

6

by

连用表示交通方式的名词前

We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of driving

across ______ continent.

A. the; the

B.

不填;

the

C. the;

不填

D.

不填;不填

7

and

连接的两个相对的名词并用时

husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night

知识在于积累、学习在于思考

2

8

表示泛指的复数名词前

Horses are useful animals.

二、

名词和主谓一致

I.

名词的种类

专有名词

普通名词

国名地名人名,团体机构名称

可数名词

不可数名词

个体名词

集体名词

抽象名词

物质名词

特别注意名词类别的相互转换

个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换

名词性质

She held some flowers in her hand.

The trees are now in flower

花儿

个体名词

开花

抽象名词

Youth is beautiful.

He is a youth of twenty

青春

抽象名词

年轻人

个体名词

They he achieved remarkable success in their work.

How about the Christmas evening party?

I should say it was a success.

成功

抽象名词

成功的事

个体名词

物质名词与个体名词的相互转换

名词性质

Iron is a kind of metal.

Please lend me your iron.

物质名词

熨斗

个体名词

He broke a piece of glass.

He broke a glass.

玻璃

物质名词

玻璃杯

个体名词

I bought a chicken this morning

Please help yourself to some chicken

小鸡

个体名词

鸡肉

物质名词

抽象名词与个体名词的转换

具有动作意义的抽象名词加用

与某些动词(如:

he

等)连

用,表示某一次短暂的动作

①—

I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please.

Well, you could he____word with the manager. He might be helpful

A.some,a

B.an,some

C.some,some

D.an,a

They sent us

word of the latest henings.

消息

(抽象名词)

A.a

B.an

C./

D.the

Could we he

word before you go to the meeting?

话(个体名词)

A.a

B.an

C./

D.the

类例:

he a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look

take a walk/a bath

make an advance(

进步

)/make an early start(

早点出发

)

/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(

发出痛苦的叫声

) /give a try

表示知识和时间的抽象名词转

换为普通名词时可以用来表示

其中的一部分

Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today.

A.a,

/

B.the, an

C.the, the

D. /, the

a knowledge of truth(

知道实际情况

)

give a fuller knowledge of China(

提供关于中国更为翔实的知识

)

he a knowledge of shorthand(

有速记的知识

)

If there were no examination, we should he______at school.

A.the hiest time

B.a more hier time

C.much hiest time

D.a much hier time

is money.

A.The time

B.A time

C.Time

D.Times

抽象名词转换为普通名词可用

来表示“一次、一阵、一种”

具体的行为、、现象或结

果。这时名词前往往有形容词

修饰

Oh, John. _____you ge me!

A.How a pleasant surprise

B.How pleasant surprise

C.What a pleasant surprise

D. What pleasant surprise

She looked up

when I shouted.

A.in a surprise

B.in the surprise

C.in surprise

D.in some surprise

其它例子:

The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We he had some unpleasant surprise

It is_____work of art that everyone wants to he a look at it.

A.so unusual

B. such unusual

C.such an unusual

D.so an unusual

II.

名词的数

规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加

-s

-es

(参看有关语法书)

。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,请

看下表

1

改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式

man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice

2

单复数相同

sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species

3

只有复数形式

ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents

知识在于积累、学习在于思考

3

4

一些集体名词总是用作复数

people, police, cattle, staff

5

部分集体名词既可以作单数

(整体)

也可以作复数

(成

员)

audience,

class,

family,

crowd,

couple,

group,

committee,

,

population, crew, team, public, enemy, party

6

复数形式表示特别含义

customs(

海关

),

forces(

军队

),

times(

时代

),

spirits(

情绪

),

drinks(

饮料

),

sands(

沙滩

),

papers(

文件报纸

),

manners(

礼貌

),

looks(

外表

),

brains(

头脑

智力

), greens(

青菜

), ruins(

废墟

)

7

表示

“某国人”

-s

Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans

单复数同形

Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese

-man

-woman

-men,-women

Englishmen, Frenchwomen

8

合成名词

将主体名词变为复数

sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends

无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数

grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches

将两部分变为复数

women singers, men servants

III.

主谓一致

规则

以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语,

动名词短语或从句作主

语时,

谓语动词一般用单数形式;

主语为复数时,

谓语动词

用复数形式。

His father is working on the farm.

To study English well is not easy.

Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.

What he said is very important for us all.

what

引导的主语从句,

后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,

但若表语是复数或

what

从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构

时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。

what I bought were three English books.

What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.

由连接词

and

both

and

连接起来的主语后面,

要用复数

形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物

时,它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由

and

连接的并列单数

no,

each,

every

more

than

a

(an)/one,many

a

(an)

修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。

either, neither, each, every

no+

单数名词和由

some, any no,

every

构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。

.

Lucy and Lily are twins

The writer and artist has come.

Every student and every teach is in the classroom.

Many a boy and many a girl likes it.

No boy and no girl likes it.

Each of us has a new book.

Is everyone here today?

Somebody is speaking in class.

Everything around us is matter

none

of

后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单

数。若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可

以。

None of the sugar was left.

None of us has (he) been to America.

在定语从句里,关系代词

that, who, which

等作主语时,其

谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。

Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.

He is one of my friends who are working hard.

He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.

在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致

It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.

It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.

如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数形式;

如果它指的集体的成员,其谓语动词用复数形式

The police are looking for the lost child.

The cattle are eating grass in the field.

His family has moved to the south .(

他的一家

)

His family are watching TV.

(他的家人)

Class four is on the third floor.

(四班)

Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.

(四班的学生)

a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the

majority

of+

名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数

+

名词构

成的短语作主语时,

其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词

的数而定。

There are a lot of people in the classroom.

Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.

50 percent of the students in our class are girls.

此外,还有

a number of +

复数名词有类似的用法(用复数)

,但

the number of +

复数名词的数就得依

number

而定(用单数)

A number of students he gone to the farm to help the farmer pick

les.

The number of pages in this book is three hundred.

在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致

There comes the bus.

On the wall are many pictures.

Such is the result.

Such are the facts.

Between the two hills stands a monument.

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高中英语语法知识点整理

名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句,其功同名词一样。

一.主语从句

主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。

1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:

It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.

It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.

It is in the morning that the murder took place.

It is John that broke the window.

2. 用it 作形式主语的结构

(1) It is +名词+从句

It is a fact that … 事实是…

It is an honor that …非常荣幸

It is common knowledge that …是常识

(2) it is +形容词+从句

It is natural that… 很自然…

It is strange that… 奇怪的是…

(3) it is +不及物动词+从句

It seems that… 似乎…

It hened that… 碰巧…

(4) it +过去分词+从句

It is reported that… 据报道…

It has been proved that… 已证实…

3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况

(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

(2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:

It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)

That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)

(3) It hens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:

It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)

That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)

(4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:

It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)

Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong)

(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如:

Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)

Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)

4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别

What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that 则不然。例如:

1) What you said yesterday is right.

2) That she is still alive is a consolation.

二.宾语从句

宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。

1. 作动词的宾语

(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略),例如:

I heard that be joined the army.

(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句,例如:

1) She did not know what had hened.

2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.

(3) 动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。例如:

She told me that she would accept my invitation.

2. 作介词的宾语

例如:Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.

3. 作形容词的宾语

例如:I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.

That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语:

Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。

4. It 可以作为形式宾语

It 不仅可以作为形式主语,还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如:

We heard it that she would get married next month..

5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词

这类动词有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如:

I admire their winning the match. (right)

I admire that they won the match. (wrong)

6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词

有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句“结构中,常见的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如:

He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right)

He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong)

7. 否定的转移

若主句谓语动词为Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。例如:

I don’t think this dress fits you well.(我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。)

三.表语从句

表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外,常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如:

1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.

2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people

3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.

4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.

四.同位语从句

同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

1. 同位语从句的功能

同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导,例如:

1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.

2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.

2. 同位语在句子中的位置

同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。例如:

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.

3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别

(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。

(2) 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如:

1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语)

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分)

://.iselong/English/0001/1382.htm

这里也有

://.lmedu.cn/Article/FREE_YY/YFBD/200485144806.asp

://.yscbook/Article/jiaoxi/200605/1291.html

高中英语:易错知识点解析

关于 高二英语 语法,英语语法对大家的学习非常重要,大家应该重视英语语法的学习,英语语法知识点比较繁杂,要学好英语语法,大家必须对语法进行整理。下面给大家带来一些关于高中英语语法知识点整理,希望对大家有所帮助。

高中英语语法知识点整理1

不定冠词

不定冠词a,an与one同源,表示微弱的一的概念,但并不强调数目,用来表示不确定的人或事物。

A用在辅音前,而不是辅音字母前;an用在元音前,而不是元音字母前。

a university in Asia

1.表示同类中的任何一个

A cat has nine lives.

2.表示泛指的某人、某物

I know a John Lennon,but not the famous one.

3.表示数量的

He has a daughter.

4. 表示单位数量的每一

I earn 10 dollars an hour.

5.表示相同的

The two birds are of a color.

6. 用于集体名词前

He grows up in a large family.

7. 在某种情况下可用于抽象名词和物质名词前

China has a long history.

高中英语语法知识点整理2

定冠词的用法

1.表示特定的人或物

2.表示地球、宇宙中独一无二的事物

主要指各种天体及世界上比较有影响的物体。The sun,the moon,the earth

3.表示地点、方向、时间、方式等 at the corner 在拐角处

1) 在表示季节的名词前常不用冠词。In spring 在春天

2) 具体某年的某个季节,需用冠词。In the summer of the year2008

3)用于序数词或形容词的最高级前 the first the second

4)用于形容词前使其名词化 the rich the poor

5)用于复数姓氏前,表示―夫妇‖或全家 The Smiths

6)用于乐器名词前 Play the piano

7)用于by+the+计量单位名词 By the pound

1. 用于复数名词前

复数名词泛指某类人或物时,其前通常用零冠词。Students should obey the school rules. 学生应该遵守校规。复数名词若需特指,则要加定冠词。The students are too lazy. 这些学生太懒。

2. 用于不可数名词前

不可数名词表示泛指时,其前通常用零冠词。如:Bread is made from flour. 面包是用面粉做的。

Wood is a poor conductor of sound. 木头是声音的不良导体。不可数名词若需特指,则要加定冠词。

He sawed the wood into three pieces. 他把木头锯成三块。

3.用于专有名词前

在通常情况下,专有名词前要用零冠词。如:

Mr Smith is our English teaches us English. 史密斯先生教我们英语。在特殊情况下,若专有名词需要特指,也可加定冠词。如:The Smith you‘re looking for no longer lives here.

4. 用于抽象化的可数名词前

有些可数名词抽象化后表示表示的活动,其前通常零冠词。Jim has gone to bed. 吉姆已上床睡觉了。

She goes to church every Sunday. 她每周星期天都去做礼拜。

这类主要涉及bed, church, class, college, school, university, work, hospital, prison, market, sea, town等。另外,这类名词前用不用冠词有时与英美英语的表达习惯有关。如:―住院‖在英国英语中通常说成 in hospital,而在美国英语中则通常说成in the hospital;类似的还有go to university (英)上大学 / go to the university (美)上大学;at table (英)在吃饭 / at the table (美)在吃饭。

5. 用于职务及头衔前

当表示职务及头衔的名词用作表语、补足语及同位语时,其前通常用零冠词。如:Wilson became President of the U. S. A. 威尔逊当了美国总统。He will be made captain of the football team. 他将被选为 足球 队队长。

6. 在表示学科、语言、三餐、月份、季节、节日、星期等名词前,通常用零冠词。

We are all interested in physics. 我们大家都对物理感兴趣。

7. 用于某些固定结构中

go to sea 去当水手 at home 在家 at night 在晚上 at least 至少

at most 至多 at first 首先 at last 最后 in bed 在床上

on foot 步行 face to face 面对面

高中英语语法知识点整理3

代词

高考中对代词的考查主要集中在人称代词(主要是其中的it)、关系代词、指示代词和不定代词上。

一、 it的用法 1.作人称代词

John likes playing Ping pong./ He always does it in the afternoon.(指代上下文提到的事物); /It's time we went home. / How far is it from here to your home ? / It is getting warmer and warmer./ It's very quiet at the moment.(可指时间、天气、环境等) 2.引导词

A.作形式主语,代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。

It's important for us to learn a second language./ It's no use talking to him./ It's known to all that the earth goes round the sun.

B.作形式宾语,代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。

We feel it our duty to help others./ He made it clear that he would lee the city. C.强调结构:It is (was) +被强调部分+that (或who)…

注意:在强调结构中,如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语,其后的连接词也绝不能为when 或where,而应用that 。在复习中,一定要注意句式的不同。It was in Shanghai that I bought the guitar.(that引起强调句) It was Shanghai where I bought the guitar.(where引起定从)

It was twelve o'clock when we arrived there.(when引起时间状语从句) It was at twelve o'clock that we arrived there.(that 引起强调句)

3. it,one,that 的区别:作为代词,这三个词的对比使用是高考的 热点 之一。—Why don't we take a little break? —Didn't we just he __________? A.it B.that C.one D.this

The Parkers bought a new house but _________will need a lot of work before they can move in. A.they B.it C.one D.which

one 用以指代同类事物中的任一,that 特指性强,指代可数与不可数词,而it指代上文提过的同一事物。

高中英语语法知识点整理4

关系代词

who,whose,whom,which,that,as

1)which可以引导非限定性定语从句,代表前面整个 句子 的内容,并且在从句中做主语 2)that的用法 1)不用that的情况

a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。b) 介词后不能用。

We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。

b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。

c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。. e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。

举例:

All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

3) as的用法

AS作关系代词,用来引导定语从句:限制性定语从句和限非制性定语从句 一、AS引导限制性定语从句

AS引导限制性定语从句时,通常和such, the same, as(so)等连用,构成such...as/such as, the same...as/the same as, as(so)...as等结构,在从句中可作主语,宾语和表语。

1.such...as/such as意为―...的那种...,像那样的‖,such...as/such as引导限制性定语从句时,既可指人,也可指物。such用于名词之前时,具有形容词性质;such单独使用(即后面不接名词)时,具有代词性质。

Don‘t trust such men as praise you to your face.(as作主语) 不要相信那种当面吹捧你的人。

You should read only such books as you can understand without much difficulty.(as作宾语) 你应当只读那些你读起来不太难懂的书。

Associate with such as will improve your manners.(as作主语) 要和能改善你的言行的那种人结交。

2.the same...as/the same as意为―与...同样的‖,和such一样,the same既有形容词作用,又有代词性质。

We he arrived at the same conclusion as they he.(as作宾语) 我们已得出和他们同样的结论。

比较:the same...as和the same...that不同,前者是―同那一个相似‖,后者是―正是那一个‖。如:

This is the same watch as I lost. 这同我丢的那块表一样。

This is the same watch that I lost? 这正是我丢的那块表。

3.as(so)...as意为―和...一样‖,后接由many, much等修饰的名词或由形容词修饰的单数名词,注意其语序为as(so)+adj.+a+n+as,如:It‘s as pleasant a film as I he ever seen. 这是一部和我以往看的同样好的**。

As many soldiers as marched were killed. 很多游行的战士都被杀了。

注意:such ...as与such...that ,so...as与 so...that的区别:that是连词,引出结果状语从句,在从句部分不作成分;as是关系代词,引出定语从句,在从句中可作主语,宾语和表语。比较:He is such a nice boy that everyone likes him. He is such a nice boy as everyone likes.

It is so difficult a problem that nobody can work it out. It is so difficult a problem as nobody can workout

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高考英语中关于抽象名词和名词的用法具体分析,悬赏30分

#英语# 导语在我们高中英语日常学习当中,有很多的知识点都是易考易错的点,就像一直过不去的坎,网考为大家总结了在我们的大小考试当中都会出现的知识点,希望能减少大家的失误。快来看看吧!希望能帮助到你~更多相关讯息请关注 无 !

易错点1 名词的单复数形式的误判

典例—What do you think the should do first?

—They should learn to take as well as share rights in life.

A. grown-up; responsibility B. growns-up; responsibility

C. grown-ups; responsibilities D. growns-ups; responsibilities

错因分析:有些学生以为grown是复合名词的中心词,其复数形式应该在grown后面加-s;另一方面认为responsibility是不可数名词,没有复数形式,从而错选B.其实,grown-up没有中心名词,其复数形式应该在up后面加-s;同时根据语境可知,responsibility指义务,该单词作“义务,职责”讲时,可作可数名词或不可数名词,故正确答案选C.

复合名词的复数形式一般在中心名词后面加-s,如:looker-on → lookers-on, son-in-law → sons-in-law;但是当复合名词没有中心名词时,其复数形式是在最后的词后面加-s,如:grown-up → grown-ups; go-between → go-betweens.

易错点2 名词的格的误用

典例—Look! This is .

—Very beautiful. When did she take it?

A. my mother‘s pictureB. my mother in the picture

C. a picture of my motherD. a picture of my mother‘s

错因分析:考生可能受汉语思维的影响,错选A或B;也可能受英语双重所有格的影响,错选D.根据语境可知,正确答案选C.

my mother‘s picture,意为“我妈妈所拥有的照片”,暗含“照片上不一定是我妈妈”; a picture of my mother‘s意为“我妈妈所拥有的照片中的一张”,同样,暗含“照片上不一定是我妈妈”; a picture of my mother意为“我妈妈的照片(照片中是妈妈)”;my mother in the picture意为“照片中我的妈妈”,暗含“不是真实的妈妈”。

易错点3 名词作定语的误用

典例—Where does your sister work, Jack?

—She works in a .

A. shop of clothB. cloth‘s shopC. shop with clothesD. clothes shop

错因分析:有些考生会因为对名词作定语的用法运用不当而错选B.其实,clothes“服装”只有复数形式,而单数形式“布店”应用shop for cloth或cloth shop,因此,根据语境可知,正确答案选D.

名词作定语时一般用其单数形式,然而,名词parents, clothes, sports等,作定语时必须要使用其复数形式。另外,man, woman作定语时,如果中心词是单数,则用其单数形式;如果中心词是复数,则用其复数形式。

易错点4 对不可数名词的应用判断失误

典例—I find it very difficult to read novel you lent me last week.

—Yes. It‘s necessary to he good knowledge of history.

A. the;不填 B. a;不填 C. the; a D. a; a

错因分析:考生可能以为第一空是特指对方上周所借给“我”的,故应填定冠词;第二空后面是抽象名词,为不可数名词,不填冠词,于是错选A.然而,此处knowledge之前须用不定冠词,he a good knowledge of意为“对……很了解”,是固定搭配,故正确答案选C.

英语中,有些抽象名词,如knowledge, history, failure, success, help, pleasure, surprise, honour等表示抽象概念时,其前面不用不定冠词,如:with pleasure, in surprise等。但是,当表示具体的概念时,其前面须用不定冠词,也可以用其复数形式。

易错点5 对专有名词的应用判断失误

典例—Do you know Li Ming?

—Li Ming? Which one? I know Li Ming in our class very well. He is Lei Feng of our times.

A. 不填;不填 B. a; aC. a; theD. the; the

错因分析:有些考生可能以为两个空后面的名词都是人名,前面不用冠词,于是错选A.然而,联系语境可知,答话者至少认识两个李明,而特指他班上的那个李明时前面须用定冠词;后一空的Lei Feng由of our times修饰,说明是我们时代的特征,须用定冠词,故正确答案选D.

人名前面加定冠词,指特定的某个人或某个人的主要特征。地名前面一般不用定冠词,但是当指特定某时期的地方或某地的主要特征时,须用定冠词。如:China → the China (of) today; America → the America of last century; the New York of China等。表姓氏的复数名词前面用定冠词表示夫妇两人或全家人,如:the Greens.

易错点6 定冠词与不定冠词判断失误

典例—When did you meet her last?

—I don‘t remember exactly, but I‘m sure it was Friday when I went to the shop to buy football.

A. a; aB. 不填;aC. the;不填 D. 不填;不填

错因分析:有些考生可能认为这两个空后面的名词前都不用冠词,从而错选D.其实,指一个特定的星期几时前面须用不定冠词;表示一个足球时,前面也须用不定冠词,故正确答案选A.

表星期几的名词前面一般不用冠词,但是当指某一个特定的星期几时,前面要加不定冠词。球类活动中,表球类的名词前不用冠词;音乐活动中,表乐器名称的名词前须用定冠词。但是,当它们不指活动,而是指具体的某件东西时,须用适当的冠词。

易错点7 冠词与零冠词应用判断失误

典例—What do you think is the difference between man and woman?

—I don‘t think there‘s any difference.

A. the; theB. a; aC. 不填;不填 D. a; the

错因分析:有些考生可能认为,表示类别时,名词前面须用不定冠词或定冠词,于是错选A或B.其实,man, woman, mankind的单数表示类别时,用零冠词。因此,正确答案选 C.

除了上述情况用零冠词外,下列几种情况也须用零冠词:表示家人(包括保姆、厨师、家庭教师在内)的名词前,但该类名词的首字母往往大写;表示种类的短语kind of, sort of, type of等后面的名词之前;在as/though引导的倒装让步状语从句中,放在句首的名词前;用by表示交通方式的短语中等。

易错点8 受思维定式的制约

典例—Remember that where and when two different English question words.

—I see, but can you tell us how to use them, sir?

A. beB. isC. areD. being

错因分析:有些考生没有弄清题意,就想当然地认为用where and when提问时,谓语动词用单数形式,于是错选B.其实,这里是指where和when这两个特殊疑问词,故正确答案选 C.

考生应该从思维定式中走出来,不要被一些象所迷惑,而应该从实际语境出发,对题目进行仔细的考虑。

易错点9 典型数词的误用

典例It is not rare in that people in fifties are going to university for further education.

A. 90s;theB. the 90s;/C. 90s;theirD. the 90s;their

错因分析:考生很可能错选B或C.“世纪”和“年代”均为特指概念,故第一个空要用定冠词the,表示特指,如:in the 1980s/1980‘s(在20世纪80年代),in the 90s/90‘s(在90年代),选项A和C首先被排除;又因为“in one‘s+整十的基数词的复数形式”为一个固定的结构,意为“在某人几十多岁时”,故 D为本题的正确答案。

考生要注意当表示“几十多岁”时,要用整十的基数词的复数形式来表示。

易错点10 it 用作形式主语及形式宾语时判断失误

典例I would reciate if you could come and help me with my work.

A. thatB. itC. thisD. one

错因分析:很多考生认为this或that可以指代上文或下文所出现的内容,于是误选A或C.其实,用于指代后面整个句子的内容且作形式宾语时,只能用it,于是正确答案选 B.

在英语中,有些动词,如:reciate, hate, like, dislike, make, put等后面不能直接跟从句,而要用it作形式宾语。

易错点11 it, one, that, those, ones等的用法区别

典例—Would you like to buy a car here?

—Yes, but I‘d like to buy made in Shanghai.

A. oneB. thatC. itD. this

错因分析:许多考生认为此处应该用it或that指代说话双方所说的车,于是误选B或C.根据语境可知,上海制造了许多小汽车,答话者只想买其中的一辆,故正确答案选 A.

指代上文提到的名词时,it指代上文提到的那个东西,即同类同物;that指代抽象的事物或上文提到的同类事物的另一件东西,可替代可数名词,也可替代不可数名词,表示特指;而one指代上文提及事物中的其中一件,只能替代可数名词,表示泛指

易错点12 the other(s), other(s), another, the rest等的用法区别

典例I he done much of the work. Could you please finish in two days?

A. the restB. the otherC. anotherD. the others

错因分析:本题考生易误选D项。其实本题是对the rest用法的考查。选项B、C均修饰可数名词,选项D相当于“the other+可数名词复数”结构,这三个选项用在本题中都不合适。the rest指代名词时,既可以指代可数名词复数,也可以指代不可数名词。在本题中,the rest指代不可数名词,相当于the rest of the work,故选项 A为本题的正确答案。

当the rest作主语时,谓语动词单复数的使用要由the rest所指代的内容来决定。

易错点13 either, both, neither, all, none等的用法易错点

典例2His father has bought many books home, but is easy enough for him to read.

A. noneB. no oneC. every oneD. some one

错因分析:许多考生会根据but一词推测后面表否定意义,但是又考虑到空格后面没有介词of,于是误选B.根据语境可知,空格后面省略了of the books,因此正确答案选 A.

no one与none的用法:

(1)no one相当于nobody,只能指人。

(2)none常与of短语连用,既可以指人,又可以指物。

(3)none通常用于“how many/much...”的否定回答,而no one则常用于“who...”的否定回答。

易错点14 else用法的误区

典例I don‘t think we‘ve met before. You‘re taking me for .

A. some otherB. someone elseC. other personD. one other

错因分析:有些考生不知道else的用法,以致误选A、C或D项。其实本题是对else的用法的考查。else既可以用作形容词,也可以用作副词,意为“其他的/地”,通常位于疑问代词、疑问副词或不定代词的后面。someone else意为“别人”,用在这里正合适。 B项为正确答案。

考生还应知道who else的所有格形式为who else’s或whose else,如:

Whose else/Who else’s can it be?那可能会是谁的呢?

易错点15 多个形容词作定语时的排序问题

典例This girl is Linda‘s cousin.

A.pretty little SpanishB.Spanish little pretty

C.Spanish pretty littleD.little pretty Spanish

错因分析:考生易错选D项。原因是对此类题的排序把握不清。本题是对多个形容词作定语时排序问题的考查。pretty为主观描绘性的形容词,little为表示大小的形容词,Spanish为表示国籍的形容词,根据英语语法知识可知,选项 A为本题的正确答案。

在高考英语中,多个形容词作名词的定语时的排序问题是常考问题。形容词的排序规则如下:

主观描绘性质、特征的形容词(如pretty))——描写尺寸大小的形容词(如little)——描写形状的形容词(如round)——描写年龄的形容词(如young)——描写颜色的形容词(如green)——描写国籍、地区、出处的形容词(如Spanish)——描写制造材料的形容词(如wooden)——描写用途的名词、动名词或形容词(如a waiting room中的waiting)。

多个形容词作定语时,形容词之间通常不用加and;但是,当这些形容词为表示同一方面的形容词(如颜色等)时,这些形容词之间通常要加and,例如:a black and white cat(一只黑白相间的猫)。

易错点16 形容词和副词的比较等级易错点

典例Of the two sisters, Betty is one, and she is also the one who loves to be quiet.

A.a youngerB.a youngestC.the youngerD.the youngest

错因分析:由题目中的two可知,横线处应为比较级结构,故选项B和D首先被排除。根据题意可知,横线处应为特指概念,故选项 C为本题的正确答案。

在英语中,两者之间的比较应用比较级结构。句中有表示范围的of the two...时,该比较级前通常要加上the,表示特指的概念,如:

He is taller than you. 他比你高。

He is the taller one of the two. 他是两个人中较高的那个。

易错点17 同级比较的用法易错点

典例Nowadays the roles of husband and wife are not as defined as before, especially when both partners work and earn money for the family.

A.clearB.clearerC.clearlyD.more clearly

错因分析:考生易分辨不清词性而误选A项。根据语法知识可知,as... as... 为同级比较结构,as与as之间要用形容词或副词的原级,故选项B和D首先被排除;又由于此处defined作动词,它要用副词来修饰,故选项 C为本题的正确答案。

在高考英语中,同级比较问题是一个常考点。其结构为:“so/as+adj./adv.(原级)+as...”,其中的so... as... 结构只能用于否定结构中;而as... as... 结构既可以用于肯定结构中,又可以用于否定结构中,如:

She isn‘t as/so nice as her sister. 她不像她姐姐那么好。

易错点18 形容词和副词的一些固定用法的误用

典例—He you been to New Zealand?

—No. I‘d like to.

A.tooB.thoughC.yetD.either

错因分析:分析句意可知,横线处应填一个表示转折关系的词,选项A和D首先被排除;yet表示转折关系时,后应接一个从句,故选 B项。

though用作连词时,意为“虽然”,引导让步状语从句,通常可以与连词although互换,如:

Though/Although they are poor, they are generous.尽管他们很穷,但他们很慷慨。

另外,though还可以用作副词,意为“然而”或“但是”,表示转折关系。它位于句尾时,其前通常要有一个逗号;当它位于句中时,其前后通常各用一个逗号,它的这种用法与副词however一样。要注意,although是没有这种用法的。

易错点19 几个情态动词的特殊用法易错点

典例Don‘t play with the dog, Jack, for it be dangerous at times.

A. shallB. shouldC. canD. must

错因分析:很多考生认为玩狗将很危险或者肯定很危险,从而误选A或D.其实,shall用于第二、三人称表示“允许,命令,警告,威胁”等;should表示“应该”;must表示“必须,一定”等;而can除了表示“能,能够”外,还可表示“(有时)会,可能会”等。根据语境及情态动词的意义比较可知,正确答案选 C.

情态动词can在高考英语中的出现率很高,它的其他常考点。如:

can可以表示能力,表示客观的可能性,表示请示和允许,表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。主要用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句中。用于肯定句中表推测时,指理论上的可能性,并不涉及是否真的发生。

易错点20 动词的一般过去时与现在完成时误用

典例— you read the story?

—Yes. I it at school.

A. He; readB. Did; readC. He; he readD. Did; he read

错因分析:有些考生认为,两个人说话时,所用的时态应该是一致的,于是误选B或C.其实,问话者指的是结果,而答话者虽然强调的是地点,但是地点暗示动作发生在过去,于是正确答案选 A.

动词时态的运用不仅要从时间状语上进行确定,而且还要从地点状语所暗示的时间关系上来推敲。如:

(1)表示过去时间的词或短语:yesterday, last night, last week, this morning, in 2006等。

(2)表示动作发生的地点:at home/school, in the factory, on one‘s way to等。

高考英语 不可数名词有哪些

这个应该说分很多种,详细来写一个版面也不够。其实各种辅导资料中都有介绍,我觉得比较好的是《星火英语语法》和《三年高考五年模拟》,前者介绍详细,后者例题很多。两者一个比较大的区别就是抽象名词前面一般没有冠词或物主代词,而具体名词一般是加冠词、物主代词或为可数名词的复数形式。两者都可以表示一类事物,比如the olds 就表示老人。还是希望你通过辅导书来学习详细的规则。高考中考查名词主要是在单项选择中,大约两道三个题目,不是很难,稍加练习就ok了。

不可数名词:

want(any) advice or help.I want(some)information.

我不需要任何忠告或帮助。我想得到一些信息。

He has had no experience in this sort of work.

他干这种活没经验。

这些名词前往往加some(一些),any(任何),no(没有),a lit-tle(少许)等词,或加名词bit(一点儿),piece(片),slice(一部分)等+of结构:

a bit of news一件消息

a cake of soap一块肥皂

a drop of oil一滴油

a grain of sand一粒沙子

a pane of glass一块玻璃

a piece of advice一条忠告

a pot of jam一罐果酱

a sheet of paper一页纸

C. 以上几组词中的大部分在特殊情况下可用为可数名词,可在单数前加a/an,也可变为复数形式。例如,hair指一个人头上的全部头发时,是不可数名词;如果指每一根毛发时,就是可数的,可以说one hair(一根头发),two hairs(两根头发等):

Her hair is black.Whenever she finds a grey hair she pulls it out.

她的头发是黑的。她只要发现有一根白发就将它拔掉。

可以说喝beer(啤酒),coffee(咖啡),gin(杜松子酒),但要酒水的时候说a(cup of)coffer(一杯啤酒),a gin(一杯杜松子酒),two gins(两杯杜松子酒)等。

可以说喝wine(葡萄酒),但必须说enjoy a good wine(品尝一种好酒),喝酒时用a glass或glasses(玻璃杯),也可以walk ina wood/woods(在小树林里散步)。

experience指某人的经历时是可数名词:

He had an exciting experience/some exciting experiences(=adventure/s)last week.

上星期他有一次/一些激动人心的经历。

work指职业/就业/工作时是不可数名词:

He is looking for work/for a job.

他在求职/找一份工作。

works(只有复数形式)可意为“工厂”或“机器的运转部分”。

works(通常用复数形式)指文学或音乐作品:

Shakespeare’s complete works莎士比亚全集

D. 一些抽象名词具有特殊意义时可带a/an。这些词有:

a help:

My children are a great help to me.

孩子们是我的得力帮手。

A good map would be a help.

一张好地图可能会有用处。

a relief:

It was a relief to sit down.

坐下来感到松了口气。

a knowledge+of:

He had a good knowledge of mathematics.

他深谙数学。

a dislike(讨厌)/dread(害怕)/hatred(仇恨)/horror(害怕)/love(热爱)+of结构也可这样使用:

a love of music对音乐的爱好

a hatred of violence对暴力的憎恨

a mercy(仁慈)/pity(怜悯)/shame(耻辱)/wonder(惊奇)可以和it引导的that从句一起使用:

It’s a pity you weren’t here.

你当时不在场太遗憾了。

It’s a shame he wasn’t paid.

他没拿到酬劳真丢人。

it+be+a pity/shame+动词不定式结构也是可能的:

It would be a pity to cut down these trees.

如果把这些树砍掉,那太可惜了。

E. a fear/fears(忧虑),a hope/hopes(希望),a suspicion/suspicions(猜疑)

这类词可与由there引导的that从句连用:

There is a fear/There are fears that he has been murdered.

恐怕他已经被谋杀了。

也可以用he a suspicion that…结构。

一件事可以arouse a fear/fears,a hope/hopes,a suspicion/suspi-cions等,意思是引起恐惧/希望/怀疑等。]

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